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Mean values and typical inconsistency for the 4 demographic teams are reported in Table 2. An evaluation of variation with the BLP dominance rating as the reliant action and Age and Sex as independent variables disclosed no substantial impacts. This validates the consistent Cantonese dominance in the sample, and BLP scores are ruled out additionally. Manufacturing stimuli contained 64 Cantonese words offered aesthetically in Chinese orthography2 come with by an English translation (complete word list in Appendix). Each target historic beginning (/ l/,/ n/,/ ŋ/, Ø) showed up in four words while each target historical syllabic nose (/ ŋ̩/,/ m̩/) appeared in three, totalling 22 target words. The staying 42 included filler word couple with non-target Cantonese contrasts, including onset quit aspiration (/ ts/-/ tsʰ/,/ t/-/ tʰ/,/ k/-/ kʰ/) and various other combining consonants (start/ k/-/ kʷ/; coda/ n/-/ ŋ/,/ t/-/ k/).

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This suggests that distinctions might arise in production-perception inequality in between instances of internally-driven versus contact-driven adjustments. Simply put, research studies of 2nd dialect acquisition (e.g., Voeten, 2020; Evans & Iverson, 2007) locate that production shows up to lead understanding, at least in early stages. In other instances of most likely inner changes happening across generations, understanding leads at first (e.g., Kuang & Cui, 2018; Pinget et al., 2020) until the change gets to late phases. The best credit card gambling establishments in the UK approve down payments with Visa, MasterCard, and in some cases, American Express.

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Hong Kong Cantonese (HKC) gives a fascinating opportunity to examine mergers, as a large set of consonantal (e.g., Wong, 1941; Zee, 1999a; To et al., 2015) and tonal mergers (e.g., Bauer, Cheung, & Cheung, 2003; Mok et al., 2013; Zhang, 2019) have actually emerged over the course of the last century. Moreover, the complex and ever-changing socio-political landscape bordering Hong Kong has actually presented a wide range of external impacts on HKC, with repercussions for the trajectory of these mergers. The last few decades, in particular, have actually seen fast adjustments as a result of the shift of Hong Kong’s political standing from a British swarm to a Special Administrative Area under Chinese regulation in 1997 (‘ the handover’). While currently a highly multilingual setting, one significant modification is the raising visibility and impact of Chinese in the city, along with Cantonese and English, specifically for more youthful generations (e.g., in the education system; Lee & Leung, 2012; Wang & Kirkpatrick, 2015; Wong, A., 2019).

Particularly, based upon their documents of youngsters’s production patterns in the early-2000s, To et al. (2015) determined that the [n] → [l] and [ŋ̩] → [m̩] mergings were near completion while Ø-initial was picking up speed over [ŋ] Along with providing a much more current photo of production standards, we contribute to this body of literature by adding an affective part via a word classification job. Production outcomes show substantial amounts of specific irregularity however a lack of clear age- or gender-related variation, suggesting that the image for each and every merger is less uncomplicated than continued or finished merger. Perceptual results locate that more youthful speaker-listeners are much less joined than the older generation, possibly as a result of adjustment to high phonetic irregularity. An additional opportunity is that the mergers have maintained right into context-conditioned style-shifting, a circumstance that Labov (2001) suggests may historically be much more common than changes going to conclusion (p. 75). In accordance with this viewpoint, the here and now study examines– at community and specific degrees– production, assumption, and production-perception placement in an understudied situation of phonetic variant and adjustment.